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Potential genetic robustness of Prnp and Sprn double knockout mouse embryos towards ShRNA-lentiviral inoculation

Veterinary Research volume 53, Article number: 54 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

The Shadoo and PrP prion protein family members are thought to be functionally related, but previous knockdown/knockout experiments in early mouse embryogenesis have provided seemingly contradictory results. In particular, Shadoo was found to be indispensable in the absence of PrP in knockdown analyses, but a double-knockout of the two had little phenotypic impact. We investigated this apparent discrepancy by comparing transcriptomes of WT, Prnp0/0 and Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 E6.5 mouse embryos following inoculation by Sprn- or Prnp-ShRNA lentiviral vectors. Our results suggest the possibility of genetic adaptation in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mice, thus providing a potential explanation for their previously observed resilience.

Introduction

The prion protein PrP, encoded by Prnp, is strongly associated with several neurodegenerative diseases; in particular, misfolded isoforms of PrP are thought to be a key component of the infectious prions that cause Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. PrP is evolutionarily related to another member of the prion protein family, Shadoo, which is encoded by Sprn [1]. However, their individual biological functions and the complex interrelationship between the two remain poorly characterized. Previous single and double knockdown experiments in early mouse embryogenesis have provided seemingly contradictory results. Individual genetic invalidations yielded little phenotypic impact beyond resistance to prion infection for Prnp-knockout mice. Knockdown of Sprn in Prnp-knockout embryos was found to induce early embryonic lethality as early as E7.5 linked to the developmental failure of the trophectoderm-derived compartment [2]. Although these results together appeared to suggest a potential biological redundancy of the two proteins, double genetic invalidations of Prnp and Sprn in mice with various genetic backgrounds [3, 4] did not confirm this hypothesis; we note that all experiments involved FVB/N genetic backgrounds, obtained either by introgression following embryonic stem (ES) cell manipulations or direct use of nucleases. These apparently contradictory observations could result from a genetic compensation in invalidated animals [5] or from an increased robustness [6].

In the present report, we comparatively assessed, at the transcriptomic level, the impact of Prnp and Sprn knockout in E6.5 mouse embryos and its consequences following inoculation with ShRNA-lentiviral vectors at the one cell stage.

Transgenic lines and lentiviral inoculations

Transgenic Prnp and Sprn FVB/N knockout mouse lines were already described [2, 4, 7]. Wild type (WT) FVB/N mice were purchased from Janvier [8]. ShRNA lentiviral vector solutions were purchased from Sigma with infectious titers over 109 infectious units/mL (LS1: TRCN0000179960 and LS2: TRCN0000184740 against Sprn transcripts, LP1: TRCN0000319687 and LP2: TRCN 0000273801 against Prnp transcripts). Intra-perivitellin space injections and transplantation into pseudo-pregnant recipient mice were performed as previously described [2]. Around 50 one-cell stage embryos were injected for each genotype and lentiviral solution combination (Figure 1A).

Figure 1
figure 1

Schematic representation of study design and analysis. A Transgenic lines and lentiviral inoculations. B Embryo collection. C Transcriptomic analyses. D Hallmark gene set analysis; and E differential expression analysis.

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Embryo collection and transcriptomic analyses

Embryos were collected at E6.5 (Figure 1B). Total RNA was isolated from pools of 6–14 E6.5 embryos, deriving from 3 to 5 females. RNA extractions and integrity analysis were performed as previously described [2]. Three to four independent pools were produced for each experimental group (i.e., genotype and lentiviral solution combination) and analysed using Agilent SurePrint G3 gene expression V2 8 × 60 K mouse microarrays (AMADID: 074809, Figure 1C). All steps were performed by the @BRIDGe facility (INRAE Jouy-en-Josas, France), as described previously [9].

All analyses were performed with R version 4.0.0. Median pixel intensity and local background intensity were read and pre-processed from the raw Agilent files using the R/Bioconductor package limma (version 3.44.1, [10, 11]). Probe intensities were quantile-normalized and log2-transformed [12]. Using the “gIsWellAboveBackground” flag, non-control probes were called as present if they were above background in at least 3 samples. After averaging intensities for remaining probes with identical target sequences, a single representative probe was chosen for each gene according to the maximum observed variance across samples (Figure 1C).

Hallmark gene set analyses

To evaluate the potential role played by specific ensembles of gene sets, hallmark gene sets from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB, [13, 14]) were obtained for Mus musculus using the msigdbr package (version 7.2.1). Among the 50 available gene sets, we focused our attention on a subset of 14 hallmark gene sets related to PrP recognized physiological functions (see below). Comparisons of interest for the hallmark gene set analysis were defined for four different experimental groups as compared to WT mice: (1) Prnp0/0Sprn0/0; (2) Prnp0/0Sprn0/0SprnKD; (3) Prnp0/0Sprn0/0PrnpKD; and (4) Prnp0/0SprnKD. To minimize possible off-target effects, contrasts for comparisons with groups (2)-(4) were constructed by averaging over the two lentiviruses for each gene knockdown. Using the fry self-contained rotation gene set test from limma [15], we sought to identify whether genes in each selected hallmark gene set were globally differentially expressed for a given comparison (Figure 1D). P-values were calculated corresponding to tests for gene sets exhibiting significant over-expression (“Up”) and under-expression (“Down”), as well as differential expression regardless of direction (“Mixed”). Raw P-values were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg approach to control the false discovery rate (FDR, [16]), and gene sets were identified as significantly globally differentially expressed if their adjusted P-value < 0.05.

Differential expression analysis

For the differential analysis (Figure 1E), a linear model with group-means parameterization (i.e., no intercept and a separate coefficient for each group) was fit for each gene. Using limma, an empirical Bayes approach was used to moderate the standard errors of the estimated log-fold changes. Contrasts were defined to identify differentially expressed genes for each comparison of interest; we focused in particular on the comparison of Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 and WT E6.5 embryos. As before, P-values were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg approach to control the false discovery rate [16], and genes were identified as significantly differentially expressed if their adjusted P-value < 0.05 and absolute log fold change > 1.

RT-qPCR analysis

Reverse transcription was performed on 500 ng of total RNA from the 4 pools of WT and the 3 pools of Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 E6.5 embryos previously used for transcriptomic analysis (see the “Embryo collection and transcriptomic analyses” section) using InVitrogen SuperScript™ IV Vilo™ reverse transcriptase kit (11766500) and random primers, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RT-qPCR quantification was performed on triplicates using the SYBR Green quantitative PCR kit (Applied Biosystems) and standard PCR conditions. Primers were designed on separate exons to produce 100-bp amplicons, with a Tm of 60 °C. Analyses were performed using the Δ(ΔCt) method (Biogazelle QBasePlus software, Biogazelle NV, Ghent, Belgium) and normalizing genes. The GAPDH and UBC genes were used for normalization, using primers 5′-tgacgtgccgcctggagaaa-3′ and 5′-agtgtagcccaagatgcccttcag-3′ for GAPDH and 5′-cgtcgagcccagtgttaccaccaagaagg-3′ and 5′-cccccatcacacccaagaacaagcacaag-3′ for UBC. Three genes were included for RT-qPCR analyses: Ada, using primers 5′-tagacactgactaccagatgac-3′ and 5′-tggctattggtattctctgtag-3′; Cds2, using primers 5′-tggatcgctttgactgccagt-3′ and 5′-tgttgaagatgtgaagctgctg-3′; and Spint1, using primers 5′-aggaacagcagtgtcttgagt-3′ and 5′-atgcagatgcaacgaaatacag-3′.

Analysis results

Although Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mice are viable [3, 4], the knockdown of Sprn in Prnp0/0 mouse embryos was reported to induce embryonic lethality highlighted by a developmental failure of the trophectoderm-derived compartment noticeable at E7.5 [2]. We reinvestigated this latter observation by transcriptomic analysis of such embryos at E6.5, focusing on a subset of MSigDB including 14 hallmark gene sets related to PrP recognized physiological functions ([1, 17,18,19], Table 1). Three of those hallmark gene sets were significantly altered in Sprn-knockdown, Prnp0/0 E6.5 embryos compared to their WT counterparts (adjusted P-value < 0.05): interferon-α and -γ responses and apoptosis, while inflammatory response was significant with an adjusted P-value < 0.10 (Table 1).

Table 1 Hallmark gene set analyses at E6.5.
Full size table

We similarly investigated the transcriptomic outcomes at E6.5 of Sprn- or Prnp-knockdown in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mouse embryos. The knockdowns of Sprn or Prnp were performed on a knockout genotype for both of these genes to highlight only those pathways associated with lentiviral ShRNA vector infections on this specific genetic background. Two different ShRNAs were again used for each targeted gene to reduce the likelihood of observing an off-target-induced biological disturbance. Compared to WT E6.5 embryos, only two hallmark gene sets were consistently and significantly altered: interferon-α and -γ responses (Table 1). However, compared to the previous analysis, the statistical significance of these gene sets was unexpectedly reduced by tenfold. Furthermore, no apoptosis induction was detected (Table 1).

We next compared the transcriptome of E6.5 WT and Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mouse embryos. Only 11 genes were found to be differentially expressed between these two genotypes with an adjusted P-value < 0.05 and absolute log fold change > 1 (Table 2). All 11 of these genes were similarly found to be significantly differentially expressed in the same direction in Sprn-knockdown, Prnp0/0 compared to WT E6.5 mouse embryos, albeit with weaker log fold changes for the majority. As already discussed, the Prnp and Sprn gene invalidations did not induce alteration of their transcript expression levels, and their absence in this list was thus expected [4, 7]. Most of the differentially expressed genes were reported to be transcribed in the embryo ectoderm and mesenchyme, and only a few in the endoderm or in the extraembryonic component (Table 2, [20]).

Table 2 Differentially expressed genes between Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 and WT E6.5 mouse embryos.
Full size table

Finally, we focused our attention on the three genes expressed in the extraembryonic component (Spint1, Cds2, Ada); in particular, Ada exhibited strong differential expression (log fold-change = −2.1, Table 2, Figure 2). Differential expression of these three genes was further assessed by RT-qPCR analysis. The results validated those obtained from the microarray data for Ada and Cds2; a similar but insignificant trend was observed for Spint1 (Table 2).

Figure 2
figure 2

Normalized expression of Ada in WT; Prnp0/0Sprn0/0; and Prnp0/0SprnKD mice. Values are represented as dot plots for individual samples (grey points) with means (black points) and standard deviations (bars) for each experimental group.

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Discussion

Our results confirmed that knockdowns of Sprn in Prnp0/0 mouse embryos induce apoptosis alongside interferon responses at E6.5, in accord with previous reports and suggesting that embryonic lethality could be diagnosed at earlier developmental stages. Because two different ShRNAs were used, targeting different regions of the Sprn transcript, it is unlikely that apoptosis results from an off-target effect.

A natural subsequent question is whether this apoptotic induction, alongside inflammatory and interferon responses, could result from the association of a lentiviral ShRNA-expressing vector inoculation [21] with a Prnp-knockout induced interferon-primed state [22] in the absence/reduction of Sprn expression, which has been shown to be required to induce apoptosis [2]. In our study, we found that Prnp or Sprn knockdown in mouse Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 embryos induces reduced interferon responses and no apoptosis at E6.5. These results could suggest that the expression or the knockout of Sprn is required to avoid lentiviral ShRNA vector induction of a strong interferon response associated with apoptosis in Prnp0/0 mouse embryos, while its knockdown exacerbates these pathways. A potential explanation for these apparent contradictory observations is that the knockout of the two genes induces a genetic adaptation that in turn helps control the lentiviral-induced responses. Such an adaptation might not take place with the Sprn-knockdown or to an insufficient level.

To assess this hypothesis, we compared the gene expression of WT and Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 E6.5 embryos, revealing highly similar transcriptomes with only 11 differentially expressed genes. Since adult expression of both Prnp and Sprn genes is more abundant in the nervous system, and since PrP involvement in muscle and bone development/regeneration has been previously reported, deregulation of these genes in the ectoderm and in the mesenchyme might be relevant observations. However, in Sprn-knockdown, Prnp0/0 embryos, a developmental failure of the trophectoderm-derived compartment was reported [2], instead suggesting a major role of the extraembryonic component in the appearance of this lethality. Only 3 out of the 11 differentially expressed genes (Spint1, Cds2, Ada) are known to be expressed in the extraembryonic component. Spint1 was recently reported to be a biomarker of placental insufficiency [23]. Low circulating levels of Spint1 are associated with placental failure whereas here, at E6.5, this expression is higher in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 embryos compared to their WT counterparts. Whether Spint1 overexpression can favor placental development remains to be demonstrated. Cds2 is a widely expressed gene indirectly involved in the positive control of angiogenesis [24]. Its overexpression in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 embryos could suggest a sustained angiogenesis of the placenta, but in the absence of associated deregulation of co-factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factors, the interpretation of this observation remains fragile. Nevertheless, the differential expression of the two above-mentioned genes appears to favor placental development and to contribute to the survival of the Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mouse embryos. However, their potential implication in the control of the interferon response remains elusive.

The third strongly differentially expressed gene transcribed in the extraembryonic component was Ada. Disruption of the Ada gene in mice induces perinatal lethality [25], a phenotype rescued by tissue-specific placental expression of this gene [26]. Its crucial role in the trophectoderm-derived compartment was also indirectly emphasized through the knockout of the AP-2γ transcription factor-encoding gene that resulted in an early embryonic lethal phenotype, similar to that observed for Sprn-knockdown in Prnp0/0 embryos [2, 27], associated with a lack of Ada gene expression in the extraembryonic cells [28]. However, in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mouse embryos, only a downregulation of the Ada gene expression is observed, thus likely avoiding the occurrence of these drastic phenotypes. It should be mentioned that Ada0/+ mouse embryos were similarly not reported to be affected [25]. Interestingly, Ada congenital defect induces a severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome [27]. Expression levels of this enzyme correlate with the production levels of interferons and proinflammatory factors, and modulation of Ada activity was even proposed as a potential therapeutic target [28,29,30,31]. High interferon responses can induce side effects among which some, such as autoimmune reactions, can be detrimental. The control of the interferon response is thus crucial, and as already mentioned, altered in the absence of members of the prion protein family [17]. The downregulation of the Ada gene expression observed in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mouse embryos might help to control the interferon and inflammatory responses induced by lentiviral ShRNA-encoding vector infections to a level compatible with their survival. This genetic adaptation is only partially induced in Sprn-knockdown, Prnp0/0 embryos, resulting in a high rate of embryonic lethality [2].

An alternative explanation would be that expression of a ShRNA targeting the invalidated gene in knockout mice does not induce specific immune response and antiviral functions due to the absence of knockdown-induced RNA degradation products [32]. However, the design of the Prnp and Sprn gene invalidations was such that their transcription remains unaffected, while the produced mRNA, which still encompasses the ShRNA target site, no longer encodes for the protein. As RNA expression was confirmed at embryonic stages for Prnp [33] and Sprn [7] knockout mice, this hypothesis is thus unlikely.

Overall, our results suggest a genetic adaptation of Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mouse embryos, both to sustain placental physiology that is affected in the absence of PrP [31] or Shadoo [7] and to refrain the upregulation of induced interferon responses following environmental stresses. This genetic adaptation might involve the downregulation of Ada and its related pathways, this protein being involved in immunomodulation and ectoplacental development. Although this hypothesis remains to be further supported by direct experiments, it offers an explanation for the discrepancy observed between knockdowns and knockouts in previously reported data [2, 3] and adds to the list of knockout genotypes that have acquired genetic adaptation.

Availability of data and materials

Raw microarray data files and all analysis scripts needed to pre-process the data and reproduce the analyses described in this work are openly available on the Data INRAE portal [34].

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Funding

This work was supported by an INRAE Animal Genetics department project grant (grant AAP.GA.2015, COSI-Net).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France

    Andrea Rau, Bruno Passet, Johan Castille, Nathalie Daniel-Carlier, Alexandre Asset, Jérome Lecardonnel, Marco Moroldo, Florence Jaffrézic, Denis Laloë, Katayoun Moazami-Goudarzi & Jean-Luc Vilotte

  2. BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80203, Péronne, France

    Andrea Rau

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Contributions

AR, FJ, KMG, and JLV conceived the study. BP, JC, JL, and KMG collected mouse embryos and performed RNA extractions. JL performed all laboratory steps related to microarray analyses and NDC performed the RT-qPCR experiments. AR, AA, MM, FJ, and DL performed bioinformatic and statistical analyses of the transcriptomics data. AR, BP, KMG, and JLV drafted the manuscript and prepared tables and figures. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Rau.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

Animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the EU Directive 2010/63/EU. Production, breeding and inoculations at the one cell stage with ShRNA-lentiviral vectors of the various transgenic lines were approved by the Ethics Committee of Jouy-en-Josas (Comethea, Permit number 02532.01), and followed the safety recommendations of the French “Haut Conseil des Biotechnologies” (HCB, Permit numbers 6460 and 5468).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Rau, A., Passet, B., Castille, J. et al. Potential genetic robustness of Prnp and Sprn double knockout mouse embryos towards ShRNA-lentiviral inoculation. Vet Res 53, 54 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01075-4

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Keywords

Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1297-9716