Table 1 Bacterial ghosts as candidate vaccines

A. pleuropneumoniae

Pig/i.m; oral; i.n

Th1 type immune response, improved protection against lung colonization, vaccine provided protection against carrier state upon homologous aerosol challenge, no clinical side effects

[88, 89]

Vibrio cholera

Rabbit/i.g

Potent generation of serum vibriocidal antibodies and cell mediated immune responses, protection against diarrhea and death following intra lumen challenge with cholera sero groups O1 and O139

[72]

Pasteurella haemolytica

P. multocida

Cattle; mice; rabbit/s.c

Humoral response, complete protection against the challenge

[96]

E. coli O157:H7 BG

Mice/i.g

Potent Humoral and CMI responses, protection against lethal heterologous challenge

[97]

Edwardsiella trada

Fish/i.p

Protection against Edwardseilosis

[98]

E. coli O78:K80

1 day old chick/i.m; oral

Protection against colibacillosis

[99]

Klebsiella pneumonia Kpn-3

Piglets

Significantly high production of humoral antibody responses, protection against homologous and heterologous strains

[15]

S. Enteritidis

Chicken/s.c; i.m

Salmonella specific IgG and intestinal secretory IgA levels, CMI responses, lower internal egg contamination and reduced colonization of internal organs after challenge

[17, 100]

S. Gallinarum

Chicken/oral; s.c; i.m

Protection against the virulent challenge, systemic and mucosal antibody response, potent CD4 and CD8+ responses

[71, 101]

S. Typhimurium

Chicken/i.m

Salmonella specific IgG and sIgA antibody responses, reduced internal organ colonization after challenge

[102]

Brucella suis

Mice/i.p

Induced pathogen-specific serum IgG antibody response, humoral and CMI responses, protection against challenge

[103]