Table 1 Available data, cause of death, pathological findings, and classification of death of fifty-three free-ranging Eurasian brown bears (Ursus arctos) necropsied from 1998 to 2023 in Asturias and Castilla y León (northwestern Spain).

1

08/05/1998

Adult (7 years)

Male

Snare/exertional myopathy/gangrenous myositis (Clostridium sordellii and C. bifermentans)

H/I/NT

2

12/06/1998

Cub

Female

Infanticide

NH/NI/T

3

10/06/2000

Adult

N.d

N.d

–

4

06/06/2005

Adult

Male

N.d

–

5

26/09/2005

Adult

Male

Intentional shooting

H/NI/NT

6

19/11/2005

Adult

N.d

Poisoning: strychnine

H/NI/NT

7

14/06/2008

Cub (1 year)

Male

Infanticide

NH/NI/T

8

27/08/2012

Adult

Male

Snare/gangrenous myositis (C.sordellii)

H/I/NT

9

29/10/2012

Cub (9 months)

Female

Died after handling and transport/exertional myopathy

H/NI/NT

10

12/06/2014

Adult (3 years)

Male

Fighting/gangrenous myositis (C. sordellii and C. septicum)

NH/I/T

11

15/06/2014

Adult (5 years)

Male

Infectious canine hepatitis

NH/I*/NT

12

12/12/2014

Adult (9 years)

Male

Fighting/septicemia

NH/I/T

13

29/04/2015

Adult (20 years)

Female

Neoplasia: cholangiocarcinoma

NH/NI/NT

14

23/05/2015

Cub (4 months)

Male

Infectious canine hepatitis

NH/I*/NT

15

16/10/2015

Adult

Male

Traumatic lesions/gangrenous myositis

NH/I/T

16

05/03/2016

Adult

Male

Traumatic lesions due to fall

NH/NI/T

17

08/10/2016

Adult

Male

Intentional shooting

H/NI/NT

18

27/11/2016

Adult (6 years)

Female

Snare/strangled

H/NI/NT

19

07/01/2017

Adult (6 years)

Male

Mushroom poisoning; hepatic and renal necrosis

NH/NI/NT

20

02/04/2017

Cub (3 months)

Female

Infectious canine hepatitis

NH/I*/NT

21

21/04/2017

Adult (19 years)

Male

Fighting and cliff fall

NH/NI/T

22

21/04/2017

Adult (20 years)

Male

Fighting and cliff fall

NH/NI/T

23

29/09/2018

Adult (4 years)

Female

Traumatic lesions/gangrenous myositis (C. sordellii)

NH/I/T

24

27/10/2018

Adult (5 years)

N.d

N.d

–

25

08/11/2018

Adult (7 years)

Male

N.d

–

26

21/09/2019

Cub (1 year)

N.d

N.d

–

27

13/12/2019

Cub (1 year)

Male

N.d

–

28

06/04/2020

Adult

N.d

N.d

–

29

23/06/2020

N.d.

N.d

N.d

–

30

01/09/2020

N.d.

N.d

N.d

–

31

23/09/2020

Cub

Female

Traffic accident

H/NI/NT

32

29/11/2020

Adult

Female

Accidental shooting

H/NI/NT

33

02/05/2021

N.d.

N.d

N.d

–

34

04/06/2021

Cub (1 year)

Male

Craneoencephalic traumatism/infanticide

NH/NI/T

35

09/06/2021

Cub (6 months)

Male

Craneoencephalic traumatism/infanticide

NH/NI/T

36

15/06/2021

Adult (2 years)

Male

Craneoencephalic traumatism/ethylene glycol intoxication

H/NI/T

37

24/06/2021

Adult (2 years)

Male

Traumatic lesions

NH/NI/T

38

17/07/2021

Cub (7 months)

Female

Traumatic lesions

NH/NI/T

39

20/09/2021

N.d

N.d

N.d

–

40

06/05/2022

Adult (8 years)

Male

Traumatic lesions/gangrenous myositis (Clostridium novyi)

NH/I/T

41

06/06/2022

Adult (8 years)

Female

Traumatic lesions/toxemia and septicemia (verotoxigenic Escherichia coli)

NH/I/T

42

06/06/2022

Adult

Male

Traumatic lesions/cliff fall

NH/NI/T

43

23/06/2022

Adult

Male

Traumatic lesions/fighting and cliff fall

NH/NI/T

44

03/09/2022

Adult

Female

N.d

–

45

03/09/2022

Cub

N.d

N.d

–

46

03/09/2022

Cub

N.d

N.d

–

47

26/09/2022

Cub (8 months)

Female

Craneoencephalic traumatism/distemper

NH/I*/T

48

26/01/2023

Cub (3 weeks)

Male

Colibacillosis/Escherichia coli

NH/I*/NT

49

22/05/2023

2 years

N.d

Traumatic lesions/gangrenous myositis (Clostridium novyi)

NH/I/T

50

29/05/2023

Adult

N.d

N.d

–

51

18/08/2023

Cub (8 months)

Male

Traffic accident

H/NI/NT

52

28/08/2023

Adult

Male

Traffic accident

H/NI/NT

53

02/09/2023

12 years

Male

Traffic accident/gangrenous myositis (C. sordellii)

H/I*/NT