Figure 5

Effect of resveratrol on cytokine production in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) and concentration in milk. The udders of lactating goats were topically treated with 1 mL of 100 μM resveratrol in 70% ethanol containing 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide for 7 days. The upper graphs show the changes in IL1β (A), TNFα (B), and IL8 (C) levels in individual udders and the lower graphs show the changes in the relative values compared with the average of pre-treated (days −1 and 0) controls. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 9). IL1β, TNFα, and IL8 levels as measured by ELISA in GMECs treated with resveratrol at various concentrations for 3 days (D) or treated with 10 μM resveratrol each day (E). Control GMECs were treated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 8). Asterisks show significant differences (p < 0.05 versus control).