Figure 4
Influence of a topical application of resveratrol to udders on antimicrobial compound concentration in milk. The udders of lactating goats were topically treated with 1 mL of 100 μM resveratrol in 70% ethanol containing 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide for 7 days. The upper graphs show changes in β-defensin-1 (A), S100A7 (B), lactoferrin (C), cathelicidin-2 (D), S100A8 (E), and IgA (F) levels in individual udders and the lower graphs show the changes in the relative values compared with the average of pre-treated (days −1 and 0) controls. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 9). Asterisks show significant differences (p < 0.05 versus control).