Table 1 Profiles of commercial ND vaccines.
From: Current situation and future direction of Newcastle disease vaccines
Profile | Live vaccines | Inactivated vaccines | Virus-vectored vaccines | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lentogenic | Mesogenic | FPV | HVT | NDV | ||
Production and storage | ||||||
 Culture system | eggs | eggs | eggs | eggs/cells | cells | eggs |
 Formulation | lyophilized | lyophilized | emulsion | lyophilized | cryo-frozen or lyophilized | lyophilized |
 Adjuvants | no | no | yes | no | no | no |
 Storage | cold-chain | cold-chain | cold-chain | cold-chain | liquid nitrogen or cold-chain | cold-chain |
Immunological features | ||||||
 Administration route | mass (sp, dw) individual (ed, im or sc injection) | mass (sp, dw) individual (ed, im or sc injection) | individual (im or sc injection) | individual (sc or ww injection) | mass (in ovo) or individual (sc injection) | mass (sp, dw) individual (ed, injection) |
 Onset of immunity | 2–3 weeks | 3–4 days | 2–3 weeks | 1–2 weeks | 6 weeks | 2–3 weeks |
 Duration | short | long | long | long | life-long | short |
 Humoral immunity | IgM/IgG/IgA | IgM/IgG/IgA | IgG/IgM | IgG/IgM | IgG/IgM | IgM/IgG/IgA |
 Mucosal immunity | yes | yes | no | no | no | yes |
 Cellular immunity | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes |
 MDA interference | strong | low | low | strong | low | strong |
 DIVA | no | no | no | yes | yes | yes |
Other properties | ||||||
 Cost | low | low | high | low | low | low |
 Safety | high | low | high | high | high | high |
 Thermostability | strain- dependent | low | low | low | low | vector- dependent |
 Representative genotype (strains) | I (V4/Ulster) II (La Sota) | III (Mukteswar) | II (La Sota) VII (A-VII) VI (P201) | any strains | any strains | vector: II (La Sota) |