Figure 1

Geographic location of exchanging cattle holdings. The location of each holding was randomly assigned according to the coordinates of the administrative area the holding belongs to (on average ~6.97 holdings per administrative area in Saône-et-Loire. There are administrative 565 areas). The size of a point represents its average (annual) population. A Cattle holdings in Saône-et-Loire from 2009 to 2013 (4978 holdings). B Cattle holdings in the study metapopulation (3416 holdings). Colours of nodes in the network represent the mean (annual) share of purchasing (orange) and selling (blue). The links represent the existence (at least once within the period) of animal trade movements between two holdings in the dataset, with their width indicative of the observed trading volume along this link.