Table 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates circulating in animals and foods in the last decades in Germany.
Source of isolates | No. of isolates | Resistance pattern | Genes detected | Locality of samples | Year of sampling | Authors and year of report | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K. pneumonia in Animals hosts (13 studies) | |||||||
 Pet, zoo and falconry birds | 86 | Resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (10.2%), piperacillin-tazobactam (27.5%), enrofloxacin (11.6%), doxycycline (31.6%), sulfonamides (26.6%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (9.1%) | ND | Southern Germany | 2007–2016 | Steger et al. 2020 | [44] |
 Broiler chicken | 7 | ESBL recovered from a defeathering machine, scalding water, and skin | Strains harboring blaSHV-1, blaSHV-2, blaSHV-27 and TEM-1a | ND | 2015–2016 | von Tippelskirch et al. 2018 | [43] |
 Dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, mice | 86 | Resistant to imipenem, ampicillin, piperacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate combination, fluoroquinolones, and different rates to aminoglycoside (amikacin, tobramycin, and gentamicin) were determined | Carbapenemase producer harboring blaOXA-48, 56 ESBL strains, carrying blaCTX-M-15, one with blaCTX-M-27, two with DHA-1 and CMY-2 genes | Giessen | 2012–2016 | Pulss et al. 2018 | [37] |
 Dogs | 2 | (PMQR) Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance producers | Strains carried native oqxAB genes, with mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the GyrA and ParC genes | ND | 2014 | de Jong et al. 2018 | [39] |
 European mouflons (Ovis orientalis musimon) | One | MDR, ESBL and AmpC phenotype, resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/ clavulanate, cefalotin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, susceptible to imipenem, gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, and colistin | Strains carried the ß-lactamase genes (blaSHV-11, blaOXA-1, and blaDHA-1), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene qnrB55. Mutations in the QRDR regions of the GyrA and ParC genes were not seen | ND | 2012–2013 | Loncaric et al. 2016 | [33] |
 Horses, dogs, cats | 34 | MDR, ESBL producers, resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefotaxime, cefepime | Strains harbored blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2 and blaOXA-48, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-1 and PMQR | Giessen, Hesse | 2009–2011 | Schmiedel et al. 2014 | [32] |
 Horses, dogs, cats | 72 | ESBL producers, Resistance to fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, tetracycline trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and tobramycin | Strains harbored blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-9, blaSHV-2, blaSHV-12, blaSHV-28 and blaTEM-1 | 27 towns | 2008–2010 | Ewers et al. 2014 | [31] |
 Common free-living reptiles | 27 | Slowworm (13), Grass snake (7), and European adders (7) Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Island Hidden- see | 2012 | Schmidt et al., 2014 | [48] |
 Wildlife birds | ND | Common among water rails spotted crakes and barn swallows Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Saxony, Hamburg Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 2008–2009 | Stenkat et al. 2014 | [47] |
 Dogs | 109 | MDR, resistance to gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | Five carbapenemase-producing strains harbored blaOXA-48 and ESBL harbored blaCTX-M-15. blaTEM-1, blaSHV-28, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-2 and (PMQR) plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were expressed | Hessia | 2012 | Stolle et al. 2013 | [36] |
 Burmese python | one | Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Leipzig | ND | Schroff et al. 2010 | [46] |
 Domestic pigs | ND | Resistant patterns not determined | ND | ND | ND | Schierack et al. 2007 | [41] |
 Pigeons | 62 | Recovered from liver, lung, heart, kidneys, small and large intestine Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Various parts of Germany | 2003–2004 | Raue et al. 2005 | [45] |
K. pneumonia in foods (3 studies) | |||||||
 Black tiger shrimp | 13 | ESBL and/or AmpC producers, | Strains harbored blaSHV (-1a, -2a, -27, -32, -62, -186, -187), blaCTX-M-9, blaDHA-1, blaTEM-1 | Berlin | 2015–2016 | Vu et al., 2018 | [54] |
 Milk | one | WGS of novel temperate phage KPP5665-2 Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Stuttgart | 2016 | Carl et al. 2017 | [53] |
 Uncooked vegetables | 9 | MDR, resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin | Strains harbored aac(3)-IIc gene | Wernigerode/Saxony-Anhalt | ND | Boehme et al. 2004 | [51] |