Table 1 Default parameter values used in simulations

\(r_{h}^{g}\): herd- and age-specific outgoing rates (/2 weeks)

[0,1]

Calibrated on data

\(r_{h}^{b}\): herd-specific birth rate (/year)

[0,0.36]

Calibrated on data

\(s_{r}\): sex-ratio

0.5

Calibrated on data

\(m_{P}\): rate of mortality of P (/2 weeks)

0.026

[19, 48]

\(m_{P0}\): probability of mortality of P calves at birth

0.01

[19, 48]

\(\beta_{w}^{P}\): within-group transmission rate for P (/day)

0.5

[49]

\(\beta_{w}^{T}\): within-group transmission rate for T (/day)^a

0.03, 0.06

[19]

\(\beta_{b}^{P}\): between-group transmission rate for P (/day)^a

0.1, 0.2

[50, 51]

\(\beta_{nb}^{P}\): between-neighbour transmission rate for P (/day)^a

0.05, 0.1, 0.2

Unknown

\(R_{nb}^{{}}\): neighbourhood circle radius (km)^a

2, 4, 6

Unknown