Table 1 Currently available quantifiable biomarkers for evaluation of intestinal health in poultry
From: Biomarkers for monitoring intestinal health in poultry: present status and future perspectives
Source | Reference values available |
|---|---|
Intestinal tissue biopsies | |
 Villus length | Yes [30] |
 Crypt depth | Yes [30] |
 Villus/crypt ratio | Yes [30] |
 L-cell density | No |
 T-lymphocytes in propria mucosae | No |
Blood and liver | |
 Total bacterial count in liver | No |
 d-lactate in blood | No |
 Diaminoxidase in blood | No |
Caecal content/faeces | |
 Firmicutes | No |
 Enterobacteriaceae | No |
 Acetate-CoA butyrate-CoA transferase/bisulfite reductase Q-PCR | No |
 Butyrate | No |