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Table 2 Potential traditional Chinese medicine ingredient against pseudorabies virus

From: Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus

Name

PRV strains

Model

Inhibitory phase

Mechanism of action or pathway

References

Curcumin

Rong A strain

Hippocampal neurons (rat)

/

Exhibits a neuroprotective effect against PrV infection via regulating the BDNF/TrkB pathway

[109]

EGCG

XJ5 strain

Ra strain

PK15 B6 cells, BALB/c mice

Multiple steps

Blocks PrV adsorption, entry, and replication in vitro

[132]

Kaempferol

Ra strain

KM mice

Early phase

Reduces IE180 gene expression level and inhibits viral replication in vivo

[125]

Quercetin

HNX strain

Vero cells, BALB/c mice

Early phase

Occupies most of the nectin-1 binding regions on gD

Reduces the ROS secretion and alleviates oxidative stress

[129]

[131]

DMY

PRV

PK-15 cells

Early phase

Interferes with virus invasion and decreases pyroptosis

[133]

IBC

PRV

PK-15 cells

Late stage

Inhibits the late stage of viral replication by blocking PrV-mediated cell-to-cell fusion

[134]

FEA

PRV-GXLB-2013 strain

RAW264.7 cells

Late stage

Attenuates PrV-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK pathways’ activation

[135]

PGPSt

SX strain

PK-15 cells

early phase

Inhibits the accumulation of autophagosomes caused by PrV infection and upregulates the Akt/mammalian target of the rapamycin signaling pathway

[136]

HRP

XJ5 strain

PK-15 cells

Early phase

Reduces malondialdehyde and ROS levels and increases superoxide dismutase activity

[141]

PLP

XJ5 strain

PK-15 cells

Early phase

Reduces viral adsorption and entry and intracellular ROS levels and may have electrostatic interaction with cell surface proteins

[145]

Resveratrol

Rong A strain, Bartha K-61,

PK15 cells, ICR mice, piglets

/

Inhibits IE180 transcriptional activation activity by targeting the Thr601, Ser603, and Pro606 sites of IE180 protein

[148,149,150,151]

  1. / Data not provided in the reference. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DMY, dihydromyricetin; EGCG, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate; FEA, an ethyl acetate fraction of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L.; HRP, Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide; IBC, isobavachalcone; PGPSt, Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides; PLP, Plantago asiatica polysaccharide; ROS, reactive oxygen species.