Figure 1

TMUV infection induces autophagy. A HEK293T cells were infected with TMUV or treated with Rapa (200 Nm) for 12, 24, and 48 h. Samples were harvested for Western blotting analysis of the proteins LC3, TMUV-NS3, and β-actin. B Normalized LC3-II/β-actin intensity band ratio from the data in A. C BHK-21 cells were transfected with pEGFP-LC3 and infected with TMUV or treated with Rapa (200 nM). Cells were fixed and imaged for GFP fluorescence after transfection for 48 h. Scale bar, 10 μm. D Number of GFP-LC3 puncta per cell. The GFP-LC3 puncta were counted in 30 cells per group. Student’s t test was performed to determine statistical significance (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001).