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Table 1 Detection of PCV4 in clinical samples.

From: Current knowledge on epidemiology and evolution of novel porcine circovirus 4

Region

Host

Sample

Year

Clinal signs

Positive rate

Co-infections

Reference

Hunan

Pigs

Serum, lung, spleen and kidney

2019

Respiratory disease, diarrhea, PDNS

12.8% (24/187)

/

[3]

Henan

Sow, sucking, weaning, grower, aborted fetuses

Heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, intestine, lymph node, serum

2012–2020

Neurological symptom, PDNS, diarrhea, enteritis, PMWS, respiratory symptom, abortion, encephalitis

45.39% (69/152)

Both PCV2, 3, PRV, PEDV, and PRRSV

[4]

Inner Mongolia

Healthy sows, nursery and fattening pigs

Serum

2016–2018

/

1.6% (27/1683)

PCV2 or PCV3

[10]

Henan and Shanxi

Suckling, weanling pigs, fetuses

Brain, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, small intestines

2018–2019

Respiratory symptom, diarrhea, neurological symptom, PMWS

25.4% (16/63)

Both PCV2, 3 and PRV; Both PCV2 and PRV

[11]

Guangxi

Pigs

Serum

2015–2019

Respiratory disease, PDNS

5.1% (13/257)

PCV2 or PCV3; Both PCV2 and PCV3

[12]

Anhui

Pig

Lung, spleen, kidney, duodenum

2019

Skin diseases

10.71% (18/168)

PCV2 or PCV3; Both PCV2 and PCV3

[13]

Jiangsu

Pig

Lymph node, tonsil, lung, kidney and liver

2018–2019

Dead pigs

3.33% (4/120)

Both PCV1, 2, 3

[14]

South Korea

Sow, aborted fetuses, suckling, weaned, growers

Lung, spleen, heart, kidneys

2019–2020

Healthy suckling pigs, dead pigs, aborted fetuses

3.28% (11/335)

/

[15]

Korea

Pigs

Tissues, serum, oral fluids

2020–2021

Diseases pigs

39.3% (57/145)

/

[16]

Henan

Pigs

Liver, spleen, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, intestine, serum

2020–2021

/

33.33% (45/133)

PCV2

[18]

  1. / no information