Figure 1

Schematic of state transitions for between within-farm and between-farm. A. Green lines indicate introduction events (births) in a specific farm, \(i,\) at a specific time, \(t,\) into a susceptible compartment, S. Within-farm dynamics represent farms types with individual hosts (bovine, swine, and small ruminants) modeled in the stochastic compartmental simulations that classify into Susceptible, S, to Infected, I, states according to the transmission coefficient \(\beta\). The animals that are moved to the slaughterhouse are represented as deaths on the farm, \(i\), at time, \(t\), and are indicated by red lines. These animals were randomly chosen and removed from the simulation. B. The between farms dynamics layer represents the number of animals moved (batch), \(n,\) from the origin farm, \(i,\) to a destination farm, \(j,\) in a specific time, \(t,\) (indicated by the black dash arrows). The red arrows represent the unidirectional movements of animals from farms to slaughterhouses. Susceptible individuals were assumed to have never been infected given the absence of any foreign animal diseases within the study area for more than 10 years [55, 56].