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Table 1 Summary of the experimental conditions of S. suis co-infection with viral pathogens using in vitro models

From: Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs

S. suis co-infection pathogen

Type of cells

Virus strain

S. suis serotype 2 strain

Virus/bacterial infection dose

Incubation time (hours)

Goal of the study

Main observed effects of co-infection

Refs.

     

Virus

S. suis

   

PRRSV

Swine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDC) and monocytes

Genotype 2

ST 1

0.1 MOI/1 MOI

2

0.5 to 5; 12 for gene expression

Phagocytosis/ intracellular survival; gene expression (microarray)

↓ Bacterial phagocytosis (BMDC); ↑ gene expression coding for pro-inflammatory mediators

[56]

 

Porcine alveolar macrophages

Genotype 2

ST 1

0.1 MOI/10 MOI

 

1 to 8

Phagocytosis/intracellular survival; inflammatory-related gene expression (qRT-PCR)

↑ Bacterial phagocytosis; ↑ intracellular survival and ↑ gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators

[20]

SIV

Neonatal tracheal porcine cell line (NTPr)

H1N1

ST 1

1 MOI/10 MOI

12

2 and 4

Adhesion and invasion; inflammatory-related gene expression (qRT-PCR)

↑ Bacterial adhesion and invasion; ↑ gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators

[79]

 

NTPr

H1N1

ST 1

1 MOI/10 MOI

12

12

Gene expression (microarray)

↑ Gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators

[85]

 

Porcine precision-cut lung slice

H1N1 and H3N2

ST 1

105 TCID50/107 CFU

1

24 to 72

Adhesion, invasion, and colonization

↑ Bacterial adherence/colonization/invasion

[81]

 

Porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) under air–liquid interface

H3N2

ST 1

5 × 104 TCID50/2.5 × 107 CFU

24

24 and 48

Adhesion, invasion, and colonization

↑ Bacterial adherence/colonization/invasion

[83]

PCV-2

Immortalized swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) in transwell chambers

PCV-2 Chinese strain

ST 7

1 MOI/10 MOI

24 and 48

2

Adhesion, invasion and bacterial translocation

↑ Permeability and bacterial translocation through tracheal epithelium

[99]

 

STEC

PCV-2 Chinese strain

ST 7

1 MOI/30 MOI

24 and 48

1 to 4

Intracellular survival

↑ Bacterial intracellular survival;

↓ gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators

[100]

 

Porcine monocytic 3D4/21 cell line

PCV-2 Chinese strain

ST 7

1 MOI/10 MOI

24 and 48

1 and 8

Inflammatory-related gene expression (qRT-PCR)

↑ Gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators; ↓ MHC-II expression

[21]

  1. PRSSV: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus; SIV: Swine Influenza Virus; PCV-2: Porcine Circovirus type 2; TCID50: medium tissue culture infectious dose; CFU: colony-forming units; ST: sequence type.