From: Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs
S. suis co-infection pathogen | Type of cells | Virus strain | S. suis serotype 2 strain | Virus/bacterial infection dose | Incubation time (hours) | Goal of the study | Main observed effects of co-infection | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  | Virus | S. suis |  |  |  |
PRRSV | Swine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDC) and monocytes | Genotype 2 | ST 1 | 0.1 MOI/1 MOI | 2 | 0.5 to 5; 12 for gene expression | Phagocytosis/ intracellular survival; gene expression (microarray) | ↓ Bacterial phagocytosis (BMDC); ↑ gene expression coding for pro-inflammatory mediators | [56] |
 | Porcine alveolar macrophages | Genotype 2 | ST 1 | 0.1 MOI/10 MOI |  | 1 to 8 | Phagocytosis/intracellular survival; inflammatory-related gene expression (qRT-PCR) | ↑ Bacterial phagocytosis; ↑ intracellular survival and ↑ gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators | [20] |
SIV | Neonatal tracheal porcine cell line (NTPr) | H1N1 | ST 1 | 1 MOI/10 MOI | 12 | 2 and 4 | Adhesion and invasion; inflammatory-related gene expression (qRT-PCR) | ↑ Bacterial adhesion and invasion; ↑ gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators | [79] |
 | NTPr | H1N1 | ST 1 | 1 MOI/10 MOI | 12 | 12 | Gene expression (microarray) | ↑ Gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators | [85] |
 | Porcine precision-cut lung slice | H1N1 and H3N2 | ST 1 | 105 TCID50/107 CFU | 1 | 24 to 72 | Adhesion, invasion, and colonization | ↑ Bacterial adherence/colonization/invasion | [81] |
 | Porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) under air–liquid interface | H3N2 | ST 1 | 5 × 104 TCID50/2.5 × 107 CFU | 24 | 24 and 48 | Adhesion, invasion, and colonization | ↑ Bacterial adherence/colonization/invasion | [83] |
PCV-2 | Immortalized swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) in transwell chambers | PCV-2 Chinese strain | ST 7 | 1 MOI/10 MOI | 24 and 48 | 2 | Adhesion, invasion and bacterial translocation | ↑ Permeability and bacterial translocation through tracheal epithelium | [99] |
 | STEC | PCV-2 Chinese strain | ST 7 | 1 MOI/30 MOI | 24 and 48 | 1 to 4 | Intracellular survival | ↑ Bacterial intracellular survival; ↓ gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators | [100] |
 | Porcine monocytic 3D4/21 cell line | PCV-2 Chinese strain | ST 7 | 1 MOI/10 MOI | 24 and 48 | 1 and 8 | Inflammatory-related gene expression (qRT-PCR) | ↑ Gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators; ↓ MHC-II expression | [21] |