Table 1 Major 3D skin models in humans and mice

Skin explants cultivated ex vivo (from biopsies)

Mouse

Skin explants cultured on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)

[22]

Reconstructed human epidermis: on an acellular de-epidermized dermis (aDED) support

Human

Primary keratinocytes cultured onto an aDED to reconstruct an epidermis. The keratinocytes being differentiated through ALI

[81, 83]

Reconstructed mouse epidermis: on an acellular de-epidermized dermis (aDED) support

Mouse

[84]

Reconstructed human epidermis: on plastic filter support

Human

Keratinocytes cultured at ALI on an inert surface (e.g. polycarbonate insert filter)

[91, 92]

Reconstructed mouse epidermis: on plastic filter support

Mouse

[94]

Reconstructed human epidermis: on a dermal substitute made of biomaterials

Human

Seeding of keratinocytes on a dermal substitute made of biomaterials (collagen, hyaluronic acid, alginate…). A multilayered epidermis is obtained following the differentiation of keratinocytes at ALI

[89, 95]

Full thickness skin: on dermal substitute made of biomaterials and populated with fibroblasts

Human

Seeding of keratinocytes on a living dermal substitute (collagen mixed with fibroblasts). A multilayered skin equivalent is obtained following the differentiation of keratinocytes at the ALI

[99,100,101]

Mouse

Mouse skin epidermis model. Mouse keratinocytes cultured at ALI on a living dermal substitute (type-I collagen with murine dermal fibroblasts)

[102]

Full thickness skin:

DED populated with fibroblasts

Human

Keratinocytes seeded on a DED populated with fibroblasts and cultured at ALI

[97]

Full thickness skin: combining a DED populated with fibroblasts

Human

Keratinocytes seeded on a DED populated with fibroblasts and cultured at ALI

[98]

Complex Full thickness skin: pigmented models

Human

Skin equivalent additionated with melanocytes

[121]

Complex Full thickness skin: skins diseases related models

Human

Psoriasis or melanoma models

[123, 127]

Immunocompetent 3D skin equivalent

Human

3D skin model comprising of: dendritic cells (incl. Langerhans cells) or T-cells

[120, 123,124,125]

Full thickness skin: reconstituted from immortalized cells

Human

3D skin culture techniques using immortalized keratinocytes and fibroblasts to produce a multilayered human skin equivalent

[109, 110]

Full thickness skin: reconstituted from iPSCs-derived cells

Human

Multilayered epidermal structure reconstituted from human keratinocytes and fibroblasts cells derived from iPSCs

[113]

Full thickness hair-bearing skin: organoid system

Human

Multilayered epidermal structure exhibiting hairs reconstituted thanks to an organoid system

[117]

3D Skin obtained by bioprinting

Human

Automated process used to overlay sheets of cells to obtain a complex skin architecture

[129]

Skin-on-chip systems

Human

Technology combining reconstructed skin tissues with microsystems

[132]