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Table 5 Details of immunological diagnosis in elephants.

From: Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review

Assay test

Species

N/E

nSe + nSp

Antigens

Se (%)

Sp (%)

References

Skin testb

Asian elephant

N

6 + 31

bPPD alone or with aPPD

16.7

74.2

[65]

Elephant TB Stat-Pak

African/Asian elephant

N

26 + 147

ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83

100

95.2

[10]

African/Asian elephant

N

14

ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83

100

NE

[122]

MAPIA

African/Asian elephant

N

26 + 147

M. bovis antigensc

100

100

[13]

DPP VetTB assay

African/Asian elephant

N

26 + 147

ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83

100

100

[10]

African/Asian elephant

N

14

ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83

100

NE

[122]

ELISA

African/Asian elephant

N

7 + 40

CF

100

95

[98]

bPPD

85.7

97.5

MPB70

28.6

97.5

ERD

71.4

85

RA

57.1

90

Asian elephant

N

8 + 41

RA, CF, bPPD MPB70, ERD, aPPD

100a

87.8a

[65]

3 + 25

CF, LAM, aPPD

33.3a

100a

8 + 55

N-lauryl-sarcosyl extract of M. bovis, bPPD, aPPD, and M. intracellulare PPD

87.5a

83.6a

BTB

Asian elephant

N

6 + 31

bPPD, aPPD

83.3

51.6

[65]

  1. N/E: natural or experimental infection; nSe: number of TB positive animals used for evaluation of Se; nSp: number of TB negative animals used for evaluation of Sp; Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Elephant TB Stat-Pak and DPP VetTB assay: lateral flow rapid tests (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., USA); MAPIA: multiantigenimmunoprint assay; CF: M. bovis AN5 culture filtrate; ERD: lipoarabinomannan antigen Erdman strain of M. tuberculosis; RA: lipoarabinomannan antigen H37 Ra strain of M. tuberculosis; LAM: lipoarabinomannans; BTB: blood tuberculosis test.
  2. a Se and Sp are determined excluding the weak responses.
  3. b Single intradermal tuberculin test, caudal fold test as well as single comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test depending on the herd.
  4. c ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB59, MPB64, MPB70, MPB83, the16-kDa protein, the 38-kDa protein, CFP-10/ESAT-6 and the 16 kDa protein/MPB83, bovine PPD and M. bovis culture filtrate.