Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review

Table 4 Details of immunological diagnosis in wild bovids.

Assay test	Species	N/E	n_Se + n_Sp	Antigens	Se (%)	Sp (%)	References
Skin test (CFT)	Wild bison	N	ND	bPPD	57.6	80.3	[105]
	Wild bison	N	2 + 24	bPPD	50	88	[111]
Skin test (SCITT)	African buffalo	N	51	bPPD, aPPD	86.3	NE	[88]
IGRA	African buffalo	N + E	149 + 344	bPPD, aPPD	92.1	68.3	[81]
	African buffalo	N	8	bPPD, aPPD	100	NE	[7]
	African buffalo	N	8	PC-HP, PC-EC	75	NE	[7]
	African buffalo	N	44	ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB-7.7	71	NE	[86]
				PC-EC	91	NE
				PC-HP	95	NE
	African buffalo	N	51 + 70	ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB-7.7	80.4	100	[88]
IP-10 assay	African buffalo	N	44 + 40	PC-HP	93.2	90	[86]
				PC-EC	81.8	92.5
				ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB-7.7	86.4	92.5
	African buffalo	N	32 + 39	ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB-7.7	94	92	[87]
	African buffalo	N	51 + 70	ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB-7.7	88.2	100	[88]
MAPIA	Wild bison	N	12 + 70	M. bovis antigens^a	92	97	[111]
FPA	Wild bison	N	ND	MPB70	4.4	83.2	[105]
FPA	Wild bison	N	9 + 57	MPB70	67	34	[111]
Idexx ELISA	African buffalo	N	8	bPPD	37.5	NE	[7]
BovidTB STAT-PAK	African buffalo	N	100 + 100	ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83	33	90	[114]
VetTB STAT-PAK	Wild bison	N	ND	ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83	12.7	98.4	[105]
RT¹	African buffalo	N	100 + 100	NM	23	94	[114]
RT²	Wild bison	N	12 + 70	ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83	67	99	[111]

N/E: natural or experimental infection; n_Se: number of TB positive animals used for evaluation of Se; n_Sp: number of TB negative animals used for evaluation of Sp; Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; CFT: caudal fold test; SCITT: single comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test; IGRA: interferon gamma release assay; IP-10: interferon gamma-inducible protein 10; PC-EC: contains ESAT-6- and CFP-10-derived peptides; PC-HP contains ESAT-6- and CFP-10-derived peptides and 4 mycobacterial antigens (including Rv3615); MAPIA: multiantigenimmunoprint assay; FPA: fluorescent polarization assay; ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Idexx ELISA: commercial ELISA (Idexx Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA); Bovid TB STAT-PAK and DPP Vet TB: lateral flow tests (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., USA); RT¹: rapid test (Anigen, Animal Genetics, Inc., South Korea-name of the test not mentioned); RT²: lateral flow rapid test (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., USA); NE: not estimated; NM: not mentioned; ND: not defined, Se and Sp estimated based on Bayesian analysis (absence of gold standard).
^a ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB59, MPB64, MPB70, MPB83, the16-kDa protein, the 38-kDa protein, two fusion proteins comprising CFP-10/ESAT-6 and the 16 kDa protein/MPB83, and two native antigens, bovine PPD and M. bovis culture filtrate.

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