Table 2 Occurrence and summary of the resistance profile of K. pneumoniae in environmental sources in Germany.
Source | No. of strains | Resistance pattern | Genes detected | Locality of Sample | Year of sampling | Authors and year of report | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K. pneumonia in environmental sources (10 studies) | |||||||
Wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses | 51 | ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and Six colistin resistance | Strains harbored blaSHV-1, 2, 25, 27, and 28, combinations SHV-2-TEM-1b and SHV-27-TEM-52b and CTX-M-1 were detected. Three strains with mcr-1 were isolated | ND | December 2016–September 2018 | Savin et al. 2020 | [66] |
Water/sediment samples | 9 | MDR-ESBL producing strains | Strains harbored blaSHV–28, blaCTX–M–15, tet(D), catB3, aac(3)-IId, strA, strB, fosA, ere(A), sul1, sul2, oqxA, oqxB, aac(6′)Ib-cr, qnrS1, dfrA5 and dfrA14 | Northern Germany | 2017 | Falgenhauer et al. 2019 | [65] |
Raw sewage | one | ESBL producing strain 182 (WGS of virulent phage PMBT1). Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Kiel | ND | Koberg et al. 2017 | [64] |
Washing machines, dishwashers | ND |  | β-Lactamase genes AmpC- and OXA-type were detected | North-Rhine-Westphalia | ND | Rehberg et al. 2017 | [63] |
Wastewater treatment plants | ND | Colistin resistance, tetracycline resistance and erythromycin resistance | Strains harbored mcr-1, tetM, ermB gene, ß-lactam (blaCTX-M-32, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaCMY-2) | ND | ND | Hembach et al. 2017 | [61] |
Dust from Pig farm | 2 | ESBL, resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and cefotaxime; and intermediate to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime and susceptible to carbapenems | Strain harbored blaCTX-M-1-like and blaSHVnon-ESBL genes | Lower Saxony, North-Rhine-Westphalia | 2013 | Garcia-Cobos et al. 2015 | [60] |
Moth fly Clogmia albipunctata | 3 | Resistance to ampicillin and piperacillin, sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate, gentamicin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, amikacin, tobramycin, cotrimoxazole, aztreonam, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin, tazobactam | ND | ND | 2011–2012 | Faulde and Spiesberge, 2013 | [59] |
Natural surface waters | 62 | Resistant patterns not determined | ND | Schleswig–Holstein | 1997–1998 | Podschun et al. 2001 | [58] |
Water | ND | Resistant pattern not determined | ND | Rhine-Neckar region | 1982–1983, 1986 | Mersch-Sundermann and Wundt 1987 | [57] |
Raw wastewater | ND | 92.8% were resist to gentamicin and trimethoprim | ND | ND | ND | Stelzer et al. 1985 | [56] |