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Table 1 Characteristics of each of the four adjuvants employed

From: Influenza NG-34 T cell conserved epitope adjuvanted with CAF01 as a possible influenza vaccine candidate

Adjuvant name

Adjuvant type/chemical constituents

Immunological profile

Mechanism of action (delivery system/immunopotentiation)

Stage of development

References

Alhydrogel® referred as AH

Aluminum salts (Mineral salts)/Aluminum hydroxide

TH2, humoral

Depot effect, delayed clearance/Activate Nalp3 inflammasome

Both human and veterinary licensed vaccines

[47,48,49,50,51]

AddaVax™ (Invivogen); similar to MF59®

Oil-in-water emulsion/Squalene and polysorbate mixture

TH2, humoral

Enhance antigen presentation/Induce APC maturation

Licensed European seasonal influenza vaccines

[52,53,54,55,56,57]

CAF01

Particulate: Cationic liposome/Dimethyldioctadecylamonium (DDA) and α,α′-trehalose-6,6′-dibehenate (TDB)

TH1, TH17, humoral 

Protect antigen from destruction/Induce APC maturation

Phase 1

[8, 19, 34, 58, 59]

Diluvac Forte™

Oil-in-water emulsion/α-tocopherol

Humoral

Enhance antigen presentation/Induce APC maturation

Approved in Animal Health

[17, 18, 60, 61]

  1. TH = T helper; Nalp3 = NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3; APC = antigen presenting cells.
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Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1297-9716