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Table 3 NPs-based vaccines tested against different porcine viruses

From: Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs

Target virus

Antigens

NPs

Adjuvant

Route

Results

References

Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV)

GP5, GP4, GP3, GP2a and M proteins

VLPs

M. tuberculosis WCL

IN

Enhanced IFNγ response; partial protection

[70]

N, M, GP5 and E proteins

VLPs

2′,3′-cGAMP VacciGrade™ (Invivogen, USA)

IN

Enhanced viremia associated with IFNα

[71]

Whole inactivated virus

PLGA

None

IN

Increased number of NK cells, γδ cells and IFNα cytokine; enhanced CD8+ T cells and IFNγ response; better protection against homologous and heterologous challenge

[86, 88]

Whole inactivated virus

PLGA

M. tuberculosis WCL

IN

Robust cell-mediated and antibody responses; improved heterologous protection

[87, 89]

Swine influenza A virus

HA, NA, M1

VLPs

Emulsigen (MVP Lab, USA)

IN

Induction of serum IgG, mucosal IgA and virus neutralizing antibody responses; protection from homologous challenge

[72]

Conserved peptides

PLGA

M. vaccae WCL

IN

Enhanced epitope-specific T cell response; reduced virus load in lungs

[61]

Whole inactivated virus

PLGA

None

IN

Enhanced CD8+ T cells and IFNγ production; reduced virus load in lungs

[62]

Whole inactivated virus

Chitosan

None

IN

Enhanced mucosal IgA and cellular immunity; reduced virus load in lungs and also reduced virus shedding from nostrils

[105]

Whole inactivated virus

Nano-11

None

IN

Enhanced cross-reactive mucosal IgA antibody response

[108]

Whole inactivated virus

Polyanhydride

None

IN

Cellular response better than inactivated virus vaccine

[64]

Whole inactivated virus

Polyanhydride

CpG-ODN

IN

Enhanced mucosal cell-mediated and IgA antibody responses and reduced virus titers from respiratory tract after heterologous challenge

[95]

Conserved 10 peptides

Liposome

Monosodium urate crystals

IN

Improved mucosal IgA and cell-mediated immune responses, better protection than soluble peptides alone

[113]

Whole inactivated virus

Nano-11

None

IN

Induced cross-reactive mucosal IgA antibody response

[108]

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)

Whole inactivated virus

PLGA

None

IN

Cellular and humoral immunity and protection better than inactivated vaccine with adjuvant

[90]

Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)

T-cell epitope of 3A protein

VLPs

Montanide ISA 206 (Seppic)

IM/IN

Induction of better serum IgG and IgA antibody responses and increased number of IFNγ secreting cells and cell proliferation

[73]

Capsid proteins VP0, VP1, VP3

VL Ps

Montanide ISA 206 (Seppic)

IM

Enhanced neutralizing antibody production and IFNγ response in PBMCs, complete homologous protection

[74]

VP1 peptides (EP141-160)

VLPs

Freund’s adjuvant

IM

Virus-specific neutralizing antibody production and protection (60%) lower than inactivated vaccine (80%)

[75]

VP1 epitopes

VLPs

None

IM

Induction of higher neutralizing antibody production and better protection compared to synthetic peptides group

[76]

Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV)

P1, 2A and 3C proteins

VLPs

Montanide IMS 1313 N VC (Seppic)

IM

Antibody response comparable to commercial vaccine

[21]

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)

prM and E proteins

VLPs

ISA 201 (Seppic)

SQ

Induction of neutralizing antibody response and protection from homologous (genotype I) and heterologous (genotype III) challenge virus infection

[22]

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)

Cap protein

VLPs

Montanide ISA 201 (Seppic)

IM

Induction of cap-specific IgG antibodies; protected from clinical signs of disease

[77]

Cap protein and somatostatin

VLPs

None

SQ

Induction of cap-specific IgG antibody; reduced clinical signs and viremia

[78]

Cap protein and GM-CSF

VLPs

Montanide ISA206 (Seppic)

IM

Enhanced neutralizing antibody production and improved weight gain after challenge infection compared to control

[79]

Porcine parvo virus (PPV)

VP2 protein

VLPs

Mineral oil

IM

Reduced virus transmission from sows to fetuses and induced neutralizing antibody production in weaned piglets

[80]

  1. IN: intranasal, IM: intramuscular, SQ: subcutaneous.