Figure 1
From: Recent advances in delivery of veterinary DNA vaccines against avian pathogens
Different poultry DNA vaccination models, routes and carriers. A Relative proportions of DNA vaccine studies performed in poultry. B Relative proportions of different routes of administration in poultry. C Salmonella spp., LAB spp. and nanoparticles play major roles in oral delivery of DNA vaccines. IM: intramuscular, IO: in ovo, ED: eye drop, IN: intranasal, GG: gene gun, LAB: lactic acid bacteria.