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Table 2 Odds ratios from logistic regression indicating associations between exposure variables and the odds of having FMD in the previous 6 months

From: Knowledge and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease among small-scale dairy farmers in an endemic setting

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis

Variable

Type of variable

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Use of a shared bull

Categorical

    

 Did not use a shared bull

 

Base category

 

Base category

 

 Used a shared bull

 

12.7 (0.4–396.4)

0.147

9.7 (1.6–59.1)

0.014

 Did not respond to the question

 

15.4 (2.1–112.5)

0.007

3.4 (0.4–25.1)

0.238

Number of additional cattle sourced from outside the farm in the previous 12 months

Continuous

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

0.043

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.207

Buying cattle from livestock markets in the previous 12 months

Categorical

3.9 (1.3–12.4)

0.019

 

Grazing sheep within towns

Categorical

34.5 (3.5–337.8)

0.002

 

Grazing cattle within towns

Categorical

8.3 (1.6–43.4)

0.012

 

Use of communal dips

Categorical

8.6 (2.3–32.8)

0.002

 

Number of sheep

Continuous

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.025

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.066

Ever vaccinated cattle for FMD

Categorical

0.2 (0.07–0.7)

0.013

 

Subcounty

Categorical

   

 Njoro

 

Base category

 

Base category

 

 Molo

 

5.3 (0.2–133.5)

0.307

4.5 (0.2–113.6)

0.365

 Rongai

 

37.4 (2.2–643.2)

0.013

30.0 (1.7–528.9)

0.020

  1. From the univariable analysis, only variables with a p-value < 0.2 are included (a list of all examined variables is reported in Additional file 1) which were taken forward into the final multivariable model using a backward-stepwise approach. Subcounty of the interviewed farm was included a priori as a fixed effect to account for potential spatial autocorrelation. Variables were retained in the final model if the likelihood ratio test had a p-value less than 0.2. The final multivariable model had a Wald Chi square of 20.0 with 6 degrees of freedom giving a p value of 0.0027. The model had an AIC of 64.5, a BIC of 95.0 and a McFadden’s R2 of 0.443.