Figure 1From: Alternate routes of influenza A virus infection in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)Conceptual questions raised in this study. A Whether birds may be infected directly through the cloaca, expanding the accepted fecal–oral route of transmission, and B, given the fecal–oral route of transmission, whether birds may become infected through preening, rather than being limited to water-bourne transmission and dabbling.Back to article page