Table 1 Entry pathways described for Coronaviruses

HCoV-229E

Alpha

pH dependent endocytosis

Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma), MRC-5 (human lungs)

[59]

Caveolin-dependent endocytosis, lipid raft mediated

Human primary fibroblasts, L132 (human embryonic lung cell line)

[15]

Endocytosis—laboratory strains, membrane fusion—clinical isolates

HeLa-229 (human cervix), HAE (human airway epithelium)

[18]

Membrane fusion

HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney), Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma)

[16]

HCoV-NL63

Alpha

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis

LLC-MK2 (rhesus monkey kidney) HAE (human airway epithelium)

[60]

Feline infectious peritonitis

Alpha

Clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis

Primary feline monocytes

[14]

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Alpha

Lipid raft mediated

ST (swine testicles)

[61]

Canine enteric Coronavirus

Alpha

Lipid raft mediated

A72 (canine fibroma)

[62]

Mouse hepatitis virus

Beta

Cell membrane fusion

Mouse 3T3-L2 fibroblast

[63]

pH dependent endocytosis

Murine fibroblast

[64]

Lipid raft mediated

DBT cells (mouse astrocytoma)

[65]

SARS-CoV

Beta

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis

HepG2 (human hepatoma)

[13]

Membrane fusion

Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney)

[66]

Lipid raft mediated

Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney)

[11]

Clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis

HEK 293E (human embryonic kidney) , Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney)

[12]

Membrane fusion

Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney), HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney)

[67]

MERS-CoV

Beta

Virus-cell fusion

HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney), Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma)

[17]

HCoV-OC43

Beta

Caveolin-dependent endocytosis

HCT-8 (human adenocarcinoma)

[68]

Avian infectious bronchitis virus

Gamma

Low-pH-dependent virus-cell fusion

BHK (hamster kidney)

[69]

Lipid raft mediated

Vero (African green monkey kidney)

[70]