Table 2 Bacterial ghosts as effective adjuvants both in vivo and in vitro

V. cholerae ghosts — C. trachomatis Ags

Mice/i.m

Induced local genital mucosal as well as systemic Th1 responses, adoptive transfer of T cells from immunized mice provide protection against a C. trachomatis genital challenge

[72]

E. coli ghosts-SbsA/Omp26 fusion proteins

Mice/i.p

Omp26 specific antibody response

[81]

M. haemolytica BG- beta-galactosidase

Mice/i.d; i.m

Antigen specific humoral and cell mediated immune response, mixed type Th1/Th2, efficient maturation of DC

[10]

E. coli ghosts-hepatitis B virus core 149 antigen

Mice/s.c

HBcAg-149 specific antibody response

[104]

Helicobacter pylori BG-Omp18

Mice/oral

Anti-H. pylori and Omp18-specific antibody response, significant reduction of gastric H. pylori colonization

[105]

S.Ty21a BG-HIV-1 gp140 DNA vaccine

Mice/s.c

HIV specific potent mucosal and systemic antibody response

[18]

E. coli O157:H7 BGs-Stxs-Stx2Am-Stx1B

Mice/i.g

Specific IgA/IgG antibody response, stronger intimin specific IgA/IgG antibodies, anti-toxin and anti-adhesion immune protection

[19]

S. Typhimurium BG-fimbrial antigens of ETEC

Mice/i.m

Humoral and cell mediated immune response

[92]

V. cholerae

Human THP-1

Rapid uptake of BG, Induction of Th1 cytokines

[106]

A. pleuropneumoniae

Porcine APCs

Efficient internalization and processing of BG, BG increased expression of SWC3, MIL-2, MSA3, and CD80/86 molecules, increased proliferation capacity of T cells

[68]

M. haemolytica

Murine DCs

Activation and maturation of dendritic cells, induction of proinflammatory cytokines

[10]

E. coli

Human keratinocytes

Efficient internalization of BG, release of the pro inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, induction of antimicrobial psoriasin

[50]

E. coli

Bovine DCs

Efficient maturation of DC, Induction of Th1/Th2 cytokines, increased capacity of T cells to proliferate

[13]