Table 1 Summary of different interactions occurring during co-infections by different homologous pathogens in different fish species

Bacterial co-infections

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Aliivibrio wodanis

Moritella viscosa

Antagonistic

[24, 25]

Vietnamese catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Edwardsiella ictaluri

Aeromonas hydrophila

Synergistic

[17]

Thailand striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

E. ictaluri

Flavobacterium columnare

Synergistic

[18]

Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Renibacterium salmoninarum

A. hydrophila

Synergistic

[19]

Viral co-infections

Grouper fin cells, GF-1

Snakehead retrovirus

Grouper nervous necrosis virus

Synergistic

[27]

Channel catfish ovary and brown bullhead cells

Channel catfish reovirus

Ictalurid herpesvirus 1

Antagonistic

[29]

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

Antagonistic

[30]

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis

Antagonistic

[36]

Chinook Salmon Embryo Cells, CHSE-214

Salmonid Alphavirus

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Antagonistic

[41]

Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Aquabirnavirus

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

Antagonistic

[42]

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Infectious salmon anaemia virus

Antagonistic

[81]

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Marine birnavirus

Nervous necrosis virus,VHSV, Lymphocystis disease virus

Synergistic

[83]

Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Aquabirnavirus

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

Antagonistic

[85]

Parasitic co-infections

Farmed brown trout, Salmo trutta

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa)

Chloromyxum schurovi (Myxozoa)

Antagonistic

[48, 49]

Wild brown trout, Salmo trutta

T. bryosalmonae

Raphidascaris acus (Nematode)

Synergistic

[50]

Farmed lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus

Nucleospora cyclopteri (Microsporidia)

Kudoa islandica (Myxozoa)

Synergistic

[51]

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Caligus rogercresseyi (Sea louse)

Neoparamoeba perurans (Protozoa)

Synergistic

[52]

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Fish louse)

N.perurans (Protozoa)

Synergistic

[53]