Figure 2

Effect of free Mmm galactan on TNF-α ( A ), IL-12p40 ( B ), and IL-10 ( C ) release by bovine macrophages. Cells were incubated for 48 h with galactan (EPS) at 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/mL, or with E. coli LPS and medium only as positive and negative (C−) controls respectively. Estimation of cytokine production was performed by ELISA. Results are expressed as mean (±SD) protein concentrations of three different experiments. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) with the negative control.