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Table 2 Summary of safety studies in various target and non target species

From: Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review

Order

Family

Species

No of animals (route of administration)

SAG dose per animal (volume)

Time of observation

Source

Rodentia

Cricetidae

Common vole

9 p.o.

107.7 PFU (0.05 mL)

78 days

[36]

  

(Microtus arvalisà)

9 i.m.

107.5 PFU (0.03 mL)

78 days

 

Rodentia

Cricetidae

Bank vole (Myodes glareolus)

11 p.o.

107.7 PFU (0.05 mL)

78 days

[36]

   

11 i.m.

107.5 PFU (0.03 mL)

78 days

 

Rodentia

Cricetidae

European water vole

2 p.o.

107.7 PFU (0.05 mL)

78 days

[36]

  

(Arvicola amphibius)

    

Rodentia

Cricetidae

Tundra vole

9 p.o.

107.16 MICLD50 (0.03 mL)

46 days

[40]

  

(Microtus oeconomus)

    

Rodentia

Cricetidae

Northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus)

10 p.o.

107.16 MICLD50 (0.03 mL)

46 days

[40]

Rodentia

Sciuridae

Arctic ground squirrel

9 p.o.

107.68 MICLD50 (0.1 mL)

46 days

[40]

  

(Spermophilus parryii)

    

Rodentia

Muridae

Field mouse

15 p.o.

107.5 PFU (0.05 mL)

78 days

[36]

  

(Apodemus flavicollis

15 p.o.

107.7 PFU (0.03 mL)

78 days

 
  

or Apodemus sylvaticus)

10 i.c.

107.5 PFU (0.03 mL)

78 days

 

Rodentia

Muridae

Norway rat

15 p.o.

107.44 PFU (0.05 mL)

42 days

[36]

  

(Rattus norvegicus)

15 i.m.

107.44 PFU (0.05 mL)

42 days

 

Rodentia

Muridae

Multi-mammate mouse

39 p.o.

108.0 TCID50 (0.1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

  

(Mastomys natalensis)

    

Rodentia

Muridae

Bushfelt gerbil

26 p.o.

108.0 TCID50 (0.1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

  

(Gerbilliscus leucogaster)

    

Rodentia

Muridae

North African gerbil (Gerbillus campestris)

32 i.m.

107.0 - 108.5 TCID50 (0.03-0.1 mL)

60 days

[38]

Rodentia

Muridae

Merion

14 p.o.

108.2 - 109.2 TCID50 (0.05-0.5 mL)

60 days

[38]

  

(Meriones)

14 i.m.

107.0 - 108.5 TCID50 (0.03-0.1 mL)

60 days

 

Rodentia

Dipodidae

Greater Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis)

2 i.m.

107.0 TCID50 (0.03 mL)

60 days

[38]

Carnivora

Canidae

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

10 p.o.

109.8 TCID50 (2 mL)

183 days

[26]

Carnivora

Canidae

Black-backed jackal

3 p.o.

107.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

180 days

[30]

  

(Canis mesomelas)

3 p.o.

106.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

180 days

 

Carnivora

Canidae

Side-striped jackal

3 p.o.

107.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

180 days

[30]

  

(Canis adustus)

3 p.o.

106.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

180 days

 

Carnivora

Canidae

Golden jackal (Canis aureus)

8 p.o.

109.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

90 days

[38]

Carnivora

Canidae

Western coyote (Canis latrans)

5 p.o. 4 p.o.

108.3 TCID50 (bait) 109.6 TCID50 (bait)

30 days 30 days

(Rupprecht et al.: Efficacy of SAG2 for oral vaccination of coyotes against rabies, unpublished)

Carnivora

Canidae

Domestic dog (Canis familiaris)

21 p.o.

109.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

90 or 180 days

[38]

Carnivora

Canidae

Wild dog (Lycaon pictus)

4 p.o.

108.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

634 days

[39]

Carnivora

Canidae

Raccoon dog

5 p.o.

1010.0 CCID50 (1.7 mL)

60 days

[35]

  

(Nyctereutes procyonoides)

5 p.o.

109.8 CCID50 (bait)

  

Carnivora

Felidae

Domestic cat (Felis catus)

10 p.o.

1010 TCID50 (1 mL)

180 days

[26]

Carnivora

Felidae

Domestic cat (Felis catus)

11 p.o.

109.5 TCID50 (1 mL)

90 days

[38]

Carnivora

Mustelidae

Domestic ferret

4 p.o.

108.17 PFU (2 mL)

37 days

[36]

  

(Mustela putorius furo)

4 i.m.

   

Carnivora

Mustelidae

Honey badger (Mellivora capensis)

6 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

Carnivora

Mustelidae

European badger (Meles meles)

5 p.o.

108.17 PFU (2 mL)

35 days

[36]

Carnivora

Viverridae

African civet

6 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

  

(Civettictis civetta)

    

Carnivora

Viverridae

Large-spotted genet

6 p.o.

109.7 TCID50 (1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

  

(Genetta tigrina)

    

Carnivora

Herpestidae

Slender mongoose

6 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

  

(Galerella sanguinea)

    

Carnivora

Procyonidae

Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

5 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

30 days

[55]

Carnivora

Mephitidae

Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

5 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

30 days

[55]

Primates

Cercopithecidae

Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)

10 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

Erinaceomorpha

Erinaceidae

Western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

6 p.o.

107.87 PFU (1 mL)

57 days

[36]

Artiodactyla

Suidae

Wild boar (Sus scrofa)

5 p.o.

108.88 PFU (2 mL)

35 days

[36]

Artiodactyla

Bovidae

Domestic goat (Capra hircus)

6 p.o.

108.8 PFU (2 mL)

35 days

[36]

Artiodactyla

Bovidae

Cow (Bos primigenius)

5 p.o.

1010.0 CCID50

60 days

[26]

Passeriformes

Corvidae

Carrion crow (Corvus corone)

7 p.o.

108.66 PFU (1.5 mL)

33 days

[36]

Passeriformes

Corvidae

Pied crow (Corvus albus)

6 p.o.

109.0 TCID50 (1 mL)

≥ 90 days

[37]

Passeriformes

Corvidae

Rook (Corvus frugilegus)

8 p.o.

108.66 PFU (1.5 mL)

33 days

[36]

Falconiformes

Accipitridae

Buzzard (Buteo buteo)

7 p.o.

108.18 PFU (1.0 mL)

33 days

[36]

Falconiformes

Accipitridae

Red kite (Milvus milvus)

1 p.o.

108.18 PFU (1.0 mL)

33 days

[36]

Strigiformes

Strigidae

Tawny owl (Strix aluco)

1 p.o.

108.18 PFU (1.0 mL)

33 days

[36]

Strigiformes

Strigidae

Long-eared owl (Asio otus)

2 p.o.

108.18 PFU (1.0 mL)

33 days

[36]

Strigiformes

Tytonidae

Barn owl (Tyto alba)

1 p.o.

108.18 PFU (1.0 mL)

33 days

[36]

  1. TCID50: median tissue culture infectious doses.
  2. p.f.u.: plaque forming units.
  3. MICLD50: mouse intracerebral lethal dose (107.2 MICLD50 equivalent to 109.0 CCID50).
  4. p.o. = per os, i.m. = intramuscularly.