Disease | Sensitive species | Clinical signs | Necroptic lesions | Diagnostic (sample/analysis) | Remarks and Pitfalls | Treatment | Human symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood-sucking mites | All | Nestlings: weakness, anemia, death Adults: AA, respiratory distress, depression | None | Direct examination | Dermanyssus gallinae: hide in cages anfractuosities and could not be found on birds themselves | Ivermectine, permethrins in spray. Total disinfection of cages and facilities (see also chapter 4) | Dermatitis, pruritus |
Chlamydo-philosis | Psittacines – canaries – finches | AA, SBS, diarrhea, nasal discharge, dehydration, Ocular signs | Air sac lesions, hepato-splenomegaly | CSw, OSw, FE/BC, serology (paired serology 2 weeks apart),IMF, PCR | Asymptomatic carriage (up to 40%), false negative | Tetracyclins (1st of 2d generation) | Flu-like syndrome, genital, articular, skin symptoms |
Salmonellosis | All (open-air aviaries) | AA, WL, diarrhea, mild respiratory symptoms | Congestive gastro-intestinal tract, hepato-splenomegaly | CSw, FE | Mostly in winter and in outdoor aviaries; hard to differentiate from pseudo-tuberculosis | Not recommended (high probability of antibio-resistance) | Gastro-intestinal infection |
Tuberculosis | Psittacines (canaries?) | Progressive AA, WL, respiratory symptoms, long bone lesions | Cachexia, osteolysis spots in long bones, lung lesions (non caseous) | RX (bone lesions), OSw/MO (Ziehl-Nielsen), BC, HP | Chronic development, sometimes during months to years; human origin infection | Not recommended (high probability of antibio-resistance) | Chronic pulmonary symptoms (caseous lung knots), generalized infection |
Campylo-bacteriosis | Estrildidae mostly. | Apathy, yellow feces (solid or liquid) | Cachexia, congestive gastro-intestinal tract, containing a yellow amylum or undigested seeds. | FE/MO (curved rods in stained smears), BC | Canaries and psittacines are asymptomatic carriers | Not recommended (high probability of antibio-resistance) | Gastro-intestinal infection, Gillain-Barré syndrome |
Avian Influenza | Passerines | Sudden death, SBS, respiratory and neurological signs | Dehydration, respiratory lesions | OSw, CSw, BS/HP, PCR | Mostly in outdoor aviaries | None | Mild to severe respiratory and systemic infection |
West Nile fever | All | Ocular and neurological signs | Â | OSw, CSw/PCR | Mostly asymptomatic carriage | None: prevention based on limitation of exposure to mosquitoes (vectors) | Mild to severe respiratory and systemic infection, encephalitis, septicaemia, death |
Newcastle disease | All | SBS, AA, ocular, respiratory and neurological signs | Dehydration, respiratory lesions | OSw, CSw/serology | Â | None; prevention by vaccination | Cunjunctivitis, mild flu-like symptoms |
Toxoplasmosis | Canary, finch, budgerigar minah | SBS, AA, respiratory and neurological signs, blindness | iridocyclitis, panophthalmia, catarrhal pneumonia, hepato-splenomegaly | CSw/MO, serology, HP, PCR | Systemic symptoms sometimes unseen; detection of the disease 3Â months later (blindness) | Trimetoprim-sulfamids | Mostly asymptomatic. Abortion, congenital malformation. |
Giardiosis (G. duodenalis) | Â | None | None | Â | Â | Â | Sometimes asymptomatic. WL, diarrhoea, abdominal pain |
Crypto-sporidiosis | All | Rare; acute diarrhoea | Gastro-enteric lesions | CsW/MO | Â | Ronidazole | Gastro-intestinal symptoms; liver, pancreas, respiratory tract lesions |
Cryptococcosis | Parrots, little pet birds | Rare | None | CSw/MO | Possible aerosol-borne contamination | Â | Mostly asymptomatic. Respiratory and nervous symptoms. |