Distribution patterns of influenza virus receptors and viral attachment patterns in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of seven avian species

Table 3 Influenza receptor distribution^a and pattern of viral attachment^b in the respiratory tract^c of different avian species.

	Tissues, types of receptor/virus binding^d
Species	Nasal Cavity ^e				Trachea				Lung
	α-2,3	H4N5	α-2,6	H1N1	α-2,3	H4N5	α-2,6	H1N1	α-2,3	H4N5	α-2,6	H1N1
Chicken	++	++^f	+	++	+	++	+	+	+++	+	++	+
Quail	+	+	++	++	++	++	++	+	+	++^g	+	+
Partridge	++	++	+	+	+	++	-	-	-	+	+	-
Turkey	+	++	++	+	++	++	+	-	+	+	+++	+
Pheasant	+	+++	++	+	+	+++	++	+	+	+	+	-
Ostrich	++	+++	-	-	+	++	-	-	+	+	-	-
Mallard	+	+	+	-	+	+++	++	+	+	++ ^g	+	-

^a The distribution of α-2,3 and α-2,6 influenza receptors was done using lectin immunohistochemistry.
^b The pattern of viral attachment was performed using virus histochemistry and the A/Mallard/Netherlands/13/08 (H4N5) and A/Netherlands/35/05 (H1N1) viruses.
^c Media of the results obtained in the epithelia lining (ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells).
^d -: negative; +: low; ++: moderate; +++: strong.
^e 'Nasal Cavity' includes the following: nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses.
^f Virus binding mainly in infraorbital sinuses.
^g Virus binding mainly in bronchi.

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