Figure 3

DHM inhibited ASFV replication in various treatment modes in the time-to-addition assay. A The schematic diagram of time-of-addition assays. B PAMs were treated with DHM before (pre-treatment), during (co-treatment), or after (post-treatment) infection with ASFV (1 MOI). The samples were further incubated for 48 h after ASFV infection, collected, and evaluated via Western blotting and RT-qPCR assay. C The schematic diagram of the direct interaction between ASFV and DHM. ASFV solution (1 MOI) was mixed with DHM for 1 h, and PAMs was treated with the ASFV separated using ultrafiltration tubes. After 48 h, the samples were collected for D Western blotting and E RT-qPCR assay. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared to the respective viral control.