Figure 4

Effect of NDV-induced autophagy on activation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38/MAPK pathways, the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and NDV-NP protein expression. Treatment of NDV-infected DF-1 cells with A CQ, 3-MA, and B ATG16L1-specific siRNAs led to a decrease in phospho-p38 levels, while no significant changes were seen in the phospho-ERK and phospho-JNK levels, compared cells treated with GM alone. Treatment with (C) rapamycin and D starvation resulted in a significant increase in the levels of phospho-p38, with no significant changes in the levels of phospho-ERK and phospho-JNK. The bottom blots in each panel show the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and the expression of NDV-NP protein in NDV-infected DF-1 cells treated with autophagy inhibitors or promoters. GAPDH is used as a protein loading control. NDV: Newcastle disease virus, CQ: chloroquine, 3-MA: 3-Methyladenine, ATG16L1: autophagy-related protein 16 like protein 1.